Ethereum transaction costs, colloquially referred to as “gas fees,” have long been a pain point in the Ethereum community, with many bemoaning that high transaction costs have made Ethereum Layer 1 unusable for the average retail user. A single transaction (such as purchasing an NFT or swapping tokens on decentralized exchange Uniswap) could range from $15-$20 on the lower end to thousands of dollars during periods of peak demand.